Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999
Summary information
Date
Sun Nov 07 1999 until Sun Jan 02 2000
Location
- MoMA PS1 type:exhibition building spaces
- 22-25 Jackson Avenue type:thoroughfare names
Concurrent exhibitions
Exhibitions that overlap with this exhibition, in this dataset. Double-click an item in the timeline to view the corresponding exhibition page.
Concurrent exhibitions grouped by organisation
# | Start | End | Title |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Composing the Figure | ||
2 | Posed to unposed: Encounters with the Camera | ||
3 | Actors, Dancers, Bathers | ||
4 | Composing with the Figure | ||
5 | Language of the Body | ||
6 | Modern Starts: People | ||
7 | Unique Forms of Continuity in Space | ||
8 | Ensor/Posada | ||
9 | Sol Lewitt Wall Drawing | ||
10 | Seasons and Moments | ||
11 | Maria Fernanda Cardoso | ||
12 | The Armory Show | ||
13 | Unreal City | ||
14 | Rise of the Modern World | ||
15 | Hector Guimard and the Art Nouveau Interior | ||
16 | Modern Starts: Places | ||
17 | Landscape as Retreat: Gauguin to Nolde | ||
18 | Changing Visions: French Landscape | ||
19 | Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden | ||
20 | Modern Starts: Things | ||
21 | Projects 70: Xu Bing, Shirin Neshat, Simon Patterson (Banners Project, Series 1) |
# | Start | End | Title |
---|---|---|---|
1 | The Artist Out of Work: Art & Language 1972–1981 | ||
2 | Special Projects (Fall 1999) | ||
3 | Sol LeWitt: Concrete Block | ||
4 | Rudy Burckhardt: A View from Astoria | ||
5 | On Your Own Time | ||
6 | Minimalia: An Italian Vision in 20th Century Art | ||
7 | Special Projects (Winter 1999–2000) | ||
8 | Min Tanaka: "Subject: Heuristic Ecdysis" | ||
9 | Hotel New York | ||
10 | Juan Sánchez: "Ricanstructions: Paintings of the 90s" |
# | Start | End | Title |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Michael Craig-Martin: Ready or Not |
Artists
There were 40 persons who influenced this exhibition.
Persons are ordered alphabetically by surname. Select a letter in the concertina to continue. Click on the person's name to view further information.
Monica Bonvicini
Biographical statement Italian, born 1965
Born 1965 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality Italian
Gender Female
External information resources for Monica Bonvicini
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Monica Bonvicini was involved in 5 exhibitions across 3 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 3 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 2000s,2010s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Heaven: Public View, Private View | |||
2 | Construction Drawings | |||
3 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Compass in Hand: Selections from the Judith Rothschild Foundation Contemporary Drawings Collection |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cut 'n' Paste: From Architectural Assemblage to Collage City |
Heike Baranowsky
Biographical statement German, born 1967
Born 1967 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality German
Gender Female
External information resources for Heike Baranowsky
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Heike Baranowsky was involved in 4 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s,2000s with 2 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s,2000s with 2 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Reopening: Installations and Projects | |||
2 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Loop | |||
2 | Film and Media: Inaugural Installation |
Eike Becker
Biographical statement
Born 1962 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Eike Becker
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Eike Becker was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Roland Brus
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Roland Brus
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Roland Brus was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
John Bock
Biographical statement German, born 1965
Born 1965 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality German
Gender Male
External information resources for John Bock
Exhibitions
In this dataset, John Bock was involved in 9 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 2000s with 7 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 2 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Generation Z | |||
2 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Projects 71: John Bock | |||
2 | Into Me/Out of Me | |||
3 | Eye on Europe: Prints, Books and Multiples/1960 to Now | |||
4 | Live/Work: Performance into Drawing | |||
5 | John Bock: Stapelung | |||
6 | Wunderkammer: A Century of Curiosities | |||
7 | Compass in Hand: Selections from the Judith Rothschild Foundation Contemporary Drawings Collection |
Rineke Dijkstra
Biographical statement Dutch, born 1959
Born 1959 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality Dutch
Gender Female
External information resources for Rineke Dijkstra
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Rineke Dijkstra was involved in 11 exhibitions across 3 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 2000s with 6 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 2010s with 2 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | New Photography 13, Rineke Dijkstra, An My Le, Vic Muniz, Kuni‚ Sigiura | |||
2 | Actors, Dancers, Bathers | |||
3 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Uniform: Order and Disorder | |||
2 | Photography: Inaugural Installation | |||
3 | Artist's Choice: Herzog and De Meuron, Perception Restrained | |||
4 | Into Me/Out of Me | |||
5 | Out of Time: A Contemporary View | |||
6 | Here is Every, Four Decades of Contemporary Art |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pictures by Women: A History of Modern Photography (Part 1) | |||
2 | Pictures by Women: A History of Modern Photography (Part 2) |
John De Maya
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for John De Maya
Exhibitions
In this dataset, John De Maya was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Thomas Demand
Biographical statement German, born 1964
Born 1964 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality German
Gender Male
External information resources for Thomas Demand
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Thomas Demand was involved in 9 exhibitions across 3 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s,2000s with 4 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 2010s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | New Photography 12: Richard Billingham, Thomas Demand, Thomas Demand, Osamu Kanemura, Sophie Ristlehueber, Georgina Starr, Wolfgang Tillmans | |||
2 | Heaven: Public View, Private View | |||
3 | Projects/Installations | |||
4 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sets and Situations | |||
2 | Thomas Demand | |||
3 | The Gold Standard | |||
4 | Photography Rotation Summer 2009 |
Olafur Eliasson
Biographical statement Danish and Icelandic, born 1967
Born 1967 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender Male
External information resources for Olafur Eliasson
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Olafur Eliasson was involved in 11 exhibitions across 3 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 2000s with 6 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 2010s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Heaven: Public View, Private View | |||
2 | Construction Drawings | |||
3 | New Photography 14 | |||
4 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Projects 73: Olafur Eliasson | |||
2 | Landscape: Recent Acquisitions | |||
3 | Eye on Europe: Prints, Books and Multiples/1960 to Now | |||
4 | Take Your Time: Olafur Eliasson | |||
5 | Take Your Time: Olafur Eliasson | |||
6 | Wunderkammer: A Century of Curiosities |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Olafur Eliasson - Ventilator |
Safy Etiel
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Safy Etiel
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Safy Etiel was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Peter Friedl
Biographical statement
Born 1960 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Peter Friedl
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Peter Friedl was involved in 2 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 2 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 2 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1999: P.S.1 Studio Program Exhibition | |||
2 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Jürgen Frisch
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality German
Gender
External information resources for Jürgen Frisch
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Jürgen Frisch was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Christine Hill
Biographical statement American, born 1968
Born 1968 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality American
Gender Female
External information resources for Christine Hill
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Christine Hill was involved in 4 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 4 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 4 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dream | |||
2 | National and International Studio Program (1997–1998) | |||
3 | Wish You Luck: National and International Studio Program Exhibition | |||
4 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Carsten Höller
Biographical statement Belgian, born 1961
Born 1961 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality Belgian
Gender Male
External information resources for Carsten Höller
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Carsten Höller was involved in 6 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s,2000s with 3 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s,2000s with 3 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | The Winter of Love (L'Hiver de l'Amour) | |||
2 | Construction Drawings | |||
3 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Loop | |||
2 | Hard Light | |||
3 | Into Me/Out of Me |
Natascha Sadr Haghighian
Biographical statement Iranian, born 1953
Born 1953 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender Female
External information resources for Natascha Sadr Haghighian
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Natascha Sadr Haghighian was involved in 2 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s,2000s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s,2000s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Johannes Kahrs
Biographical statement German, born 1965
Born 1965 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality German
Gender Male
External information resources for Johannes Kahrs
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Johannes Kahrs was involved in 2 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 2 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 2 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Heaven: Public View, Private View | |||
2 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Christoph Keller
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Christoph Keller
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Christoph Keller was involved in 3 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 2000s with 2 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Loop | |||
2 | Breaking Away: P.S.1 2002–2003 National and International Studio Program Exhibtion |
David Lamelas
Biographical statement Argentine, born 1946
Born 1946 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender Male
External information resources for David Lamelas
Exhibitions
In this dataset, David Lamelas was involved in 6 exhibitions across 3 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 2010s with 3 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Film as Installation II | |||
2 | Video from Vancouver to San Diego |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | The Talent Show | |||
2 | Painting and Sculpture Changes 2011 | |||
3 | Images of an Infinite Film |
Eugéne Leroy
Biographical statement
Born 1910 (click to view other people born in this year)Died 2000
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Eugéne Leroy
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Eugéne Leroy was involved in 2 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1980s,1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1980s,1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Underknown |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Yana Milev
Biographical statement
Born 1964 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Yana Milev
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Yana Milev was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Bert Neumann
Biographical statement
Born 1960 (click to view other people born in this year)Died 2015
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Bert Neumann
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Bert Neumann was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Olaf Nicolai
Biographical statement German, born 1962
Born 1962 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality German
Gender Male
External information resources for Olaf Nicolai
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Olaf Nicolai was involved in 7 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 5 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 2000s with 2 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Model Home | |||
2 | Reopening: Installations and Projects | |||
3 | Heaven: Public View, Private View | |||
4 | 1999: P.S.1 Studio Program Exhibition | |||
5 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Eye on Europe: Prints, Books and Multiples/1960 to Now | |||
2 | Geo/Metric: Prints and Drawings from the Collection |
Manfred Pernice
Biographical statement German, born 1963
Born 1963 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality German
Gender Male
External information resources for Manfred Pernice
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Manfred Pernice was involved in 4 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 3 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 2000s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Reopening: Installations and Projects | |||
2 | Construction Drawings | |||
3 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Building Structures |
Daniel Pflumm
Biographical statement
Born 1968 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Daniel Pflumm
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Daniel Pflumm was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Aura Rosenberg
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Aura Rosenberg
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Aura Rosenberg was involved in 3 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 2 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1980s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Criminal Proceedings |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Heaven: Public View, Private View | |||
2 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Stefan Rethfeld
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Stefan Rethfeld
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Stefan Rethfeld was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Christoph Schlingensief
Biographical statement German, 1960–2010
Born 1960 (click to view other people born in this year)Died 2010
Nationality German
Gender Male
External information resources for Christoph Schlingensief
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Christoph Schlingensief was involved in 4 exhibitions across 2 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s,2010s with 2 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s,2010s with 2 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Heaven: Public View, Private View | |||
2 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Christoph Schlingensief | |||
2 | Zero Tolerance |
Oliver Vogt
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Oliver Vogt
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Oliver Vogt was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Hermann Weizenegger
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Hermann Weizenegger
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Hermann Weizenegger was involved in 1 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 1 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Anatoly Zhuravlev
Biographical statement
Born (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality
Gender
External information resources for Anatoly Zhuravlev
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Anatoly Zhuravlev was involved in 2 exhibitions across 1 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 2 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 1990s with 2 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Perspectives of Conceptualism | |||
2 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
Andrea Zittel
Biographical statement American, born 1965
Born 1965 (click to view other people born in this year)Died
Nationality American
Gender Female
External information resources for Andrea Zittel
Exhibitions
In this dataset, Andrea Zittel was involved in 13 exhibitions across 3 decades.
- Decade(s) with the most number of exhibitions was the 2000s with 6 exhibitions.
- Decade with the least number of exhibitions was the 2010s with 2 exhibitions.
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sense and Sensibility: Women Artists and Minimalism in the 90s | |||
2 | The Winter of Love (L'Hiver de l'Amour) | |||
3 | Selections from the Collection | |||
4 | Reopening: Installations and Projects | |||
5 | Children of Berlin: Cultural Developments 1989–1999 |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | New to Modern | |||
2 | Tempo | |||
3 | New Works/New Acquisitions | |||
4 | Since 2000: Printmaking Now | |||
5 | Into Me/Out of Me | |||
6 | Compass in Hand: Selections from the Judith Rothschild Foundation Contemporary Drawings Collection |
# | Start | End | Location | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Contemporary Galleries: 1980–Now | |||
2 | The Modern Restaurant Window - Andrea Zittell |